Dogs are carnivorous mammals that have undergone domestication of wolves since 15,000 years ago [2] or may have since 100,000 years ago based on genetic evidence in the form of fossil discovery and DNA testing. [3] Other studies reveal the history of the domestication of dogs that have not been so long. [4] [5] [6]
The dog has developed into hundreds of races with different variations, ranging from the dog's height a few dozen centimeters, such as the Chihuahua to the Irish Wolfhound taller than one meter. Hair color can dogs varied, ranging from white to black, also red, gray (often called "blue"), and brown. In addition, dogs have different hair types, ranging from very short to the length can reach several centimeters. Dog hair can be straight or curly, and coarse-textured till soft like wool.
The science of learning everything about peranjingan called kinologi
The origin
New evidence revealed the dog was first domesticated in East Asia, possibly in China [7]. The first man to set foot on North America and the dogs brought from Asia. Genetic research has identified 14 ancient dog breeds. Among other things, Chow Chow, Shar Pei, Akita, Shiba and Basenji is the oldest dog breeds. The theory that says the dog came from Asia may be trusted because most of the 14 ancient dog breeds originated from China and Japan
Relations with humans
Dogs are social animals the same way as humans. Proximity patterns of human behavior makes a dog with a dog can be trained, to play with, lived with humans, and invited bersosialiasi with humans and other dogs. Dogs have a unique position in the relationship between species. Loyalty and devotion that dogs demonstrated very similar to the human concept of love and friendship. Although it was a natural instinct as an animal group of dogs, dog owners would appreciate the loyalty and devotion to the dog and take it like a family member. Pet dogs and often to be given the same last name as the name of the owner. Conversely, dogs think humans as members of the group. The dog just bit the distinguished position with fellow dog owners who are still one group, and often do not distinguish at all.
Terminology
The term dog refers to domesticated wolf Canis lupus familiaris. Dogs never classified as speseies different from the wolf, Canis familiaris, by Linnaeus in 1758. In 1993, the Smithsonian Institution and the Association of American Mammals Experts set dogs as a subspecies of gray wolf Canis lupus. In Indonesia, the dog's original forests of Sumatra and Java Island called the invite.
Intelligence
People love dogs because dogs are intelligent animals. Dogs are regarded as having a high enough intelligence according to scientific research and field evidence. Dog intelligence level depending on race and each individual dog. Border Collie dog breeds known to adhere to and carrying out various commands. Other breeds may not be interested to obey human orders, but prefer to show ingenuity in other things such as herding livestock.
The origins of the dog as the offspring of wolves that live in groups makes the dog so it is more easily trained than other animals. As a member of the group, dog has the instinct to obey. Most dogs do not often have to deal with a tricky task-complicated, so there is no opportunity to learn difficult things like opening the door without human assistance. Dogs have been trained as guide dogs for the blind to recognize the various hazards and how to avoid the situation.
Physical Characteristics
Dog races vary greatly in size, appearance and behavior compared with the other pets. Most of the dog still has the physical characteristics derived from wolves. Dogs are predators and carrion-eating animals, has sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, biting and tearing food. Characteristics of the ancestral wolf still survive in dogs, although selective breeding has succeeded in changing the physical form different kinds of dog races.
Dogs have strong muscles, bones ankle that is united, the cardiovascular system that supports physical endurance and speed running, and teeth for catching and tearing prey. When compared with the bone structure of the human foot, dogs technically walk on tiptoes with your toes.
Vision
Dogs used to be mistaken for dikromatis, so that could be called color-blind according to human standards. [8] [9] But a study conducted recently shows just the dogs can see some color, though not as you can see humans. For dogs, the color is captured subliminal signals to distinguish the shapes of objects that overlap each other, and not the color of objects that can be directly distinguished dog. According to the study, dogs can see the different shades of yellow, purple or violet. Dog eye lens is flatter than the human eye lens, so the dog can see details less than human. Instead, the dog's eyes are more sensitive to light and motion than the human eye. Some dog breeds, has a field of view to 270 °. In comparison, humans have only a 180 ° field of view. Field of view of a dog race with a wide head and both eyes on the front is actually almost identical to humans, only about 180 °
Sense of hearing
Dogs can hear the low frequency 16 to 20Hz (humans only hear the frequency 20-70 Hz) and high frequency sound from 70 kHz to 100 kHz (humans only hear the frequency of 13-20 kHz). This number includes pretty good, but still less than hearing cats. [9] In addition, dogs can move their ears so quickly able to determine the location of the actual sound source. More than 18 muscles in the ear allows the dog tilt, rotate, euthanize, or enforce the ear leaf. Dogs are able to determine the source faster than the human voice, at once able to hear sounds four times further sources that can be heard people. Dogs with naturally shaped ears (upright like a wolf ears) usually have better hearing than the dog's ear leaves fell like there is in many domesticated species.
Sense of smell
Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells terhap smell. The extent of approximately handkerchief wide, very wide when compared to the olfactory cells of human beings. For comparison, humans only have 5 million olfactory cells which occupy vast wide stamps. Several types of dog breeds were intentionally bred for puppies born with a better sense of smell. Information gathering mechanism in the brain dog odor particles on the basis of successful diendus unclear. According to research, dogs can distinguish two types of smells: the smell in the air particles that spread from people or things, and odor particles on the ground that can still be detected after some time. Characteristics of two types of particles seem to smell quite different. Odor particles in the air easily lost, but maybe so obvious and not mingled smells another, while the smell of the soil particles are relatively more permanent. Dogs must be invited to do it again and again and be careful, because the odor inherent in the soil easily contaminated by other odors.
Bloodhound trainer has to understand that dogs are no longer taught to track odors on natural ability possessed since birth. Dogs can only be motivated as well as possible and be taught to concentrate on the main trace of the odor. Trained sniffer dogs should be able to ignore the scent trail to another. Untrained dogs are usually happy to sniff out various kinds of odors in addition to trace the smell was told. When do the work exhausting for dogs (eg looking for contraband on the ship), the dog must be motivated to want to work hard in a long time.
Food
Some animal experts are now debating a pet dog belonging omnivorous or carnivorous animal based foods are eaten. Classification into the Order Carnivora does not mean that dogs should eat meat only. Not the same as with the family cat belonging to a true carnivore with a shorter small intestine, dog meat is not dependent on a particular protein or high-protein foods to meet the most basic food needs. Dogs can digest well a variety of foods, including vegetables and cereals that can be consumed by dogs in large portions. Plants eaten by wild dogs to meet the needs of amino acids. In addition, wild dogs also eat the contents of the stomach and intestines contain herbs that are herbivores digest the prey.
Pet dog can survive only with a healthy vegetarian diet is mixed well, especially those containing milk and eggs. But some sources doubt this fact, vegetarian dog feared could have an enlarged heart muscle due to lack of dilated ocardimyopathy amino acid L-carnitine [10]. Nevertheless, the dog can remain healthy if given a balanced nutrition for L-carnitine are naturally conceived various types of nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, and cereals without peel skin. In the wild, dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not available. But based on scientific research and experience during the race Iditarod race that requires the dog to survive for days in a state of savage nature, the dog must have foods high in protein (concentration 40%) including the meat to prevent damage to muscle tissue. Similar research is also applicable to other mammals. Protein consumed in a high percentage of wild dogs that prey is abundant. Provision of food with higher protein percentage than the required level seems to be no additional benefits to the dog.
Dogs often eat grass and in fact avid is fine. There are many explanations about this habit. Grass can neutralize stomach acid or eat grass can make a dog vomit. The reason dogs eat grass perhaps because they wanted to remove unwanted substances from the stomach. Meanwhile, in a matter of vomit, dog vomit more easily than humans. This capability comes from the habit of eating animals that hunt held in groups. Food should be swallowed as soon as possible so I can eat as much as possible before spent another herd member. After eating, dogs often brings back the bones that can not be digested, a prey animal hair, and so forth. Some pet dog instead
fussy, and be "picky" in the matter of food, because it no longer needs to eat to simply survive.
Hazardous foods
Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans can be fatal to dogs, including chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions (red onions), grapes, raisins, [11], some types of chewing gum, certain artificial sweeteners, [12] and macadamia nuts. Now successfully known that cocoa is a substance harmful to the dog, while white chocolate may not be dangerous.
Grapes and raisins harmful to dogs became known only since 2000 and not all dog owners know about this. Because surely wine and raisins harmful to dogs has not been known until now. But a veterinarian [13] argued the dog's immune system becomes activated and attacks the body's own cells triggered by a virus that attacks grapevines. [14]. This condition is called autoimmune acute fatal in dogs and the same with FIP in cats. Whatever the reason, the dog was not allowed to be fed grapes, various types of products such as biscuits raisins and sultanas.
Bone was boiled in no way should be given to dogs, especially chicken bones. Warming is changing the nature of the chemical and physical properties of bone that results can not be chewed dog bones properly. Bones broken into parts that are sharp and dangerous dogs digestion.
Human drugs at all should not be given to dogs as a substitute for medication prescribed for dogs. Existing human drugs which are highly toxic to dogs, especially painkillers containing paracetamol or acetaminophen (flu medicine). Alcoholic beverages also have the same level of danger to dogs and humans.
Dogs are often considered some kind of poison interesting to try, so it must be kept away from antifreeze fluid (antifreeze), snail poison, poison insects, and rat poison. Dogs most often deceived antidingin liquid that tastes sweet and delicious for dogs. It could be during a nap, the dog slept on a spill or former antidingin liquid spills from a car, hit by fur and lick-lick. Dog owners in a country that knows no winter would not have to worry about his dog poisoning antifreeze liquid.
Ornamental plants which are toxic if eaten by dogs include ornamental taro (caladium), Sri Rejeki, and Philodendron all of which can cause irritation of the esophagus. Hops are used as flavorings in beer is very dangerous and can cause high fever
(Malignant hyperthermia). [15]
Amarilis, Lilies, Hedera helix, Iris, and tubers of deafness can cause stomach irritation that is often continued in the central nervous system paralysis to coma and death. Dogs can die if accidentally ingested Digitalis plant, Convallaria, butter flowers, and ornamental plant genera Consolida and Delphinium for the cardiovascular system becomes impaired. Various kinds of ornamental plants of the genus Taxus are also no less dangerous because it affects the nervous system of dogs. Dog owners who meet with her dog ate one of the plants mentioned above shall immediately bring the dog to the vet.
Household cleaning fluid is also dangerous to dogs, ammonia, bleach apparel, carbolic acid, soaps, detergents, mothballs and matches. Cosmetics such as deodorants, hair dyes, nail polish and acetone and sunblock should also be kept away from dogs.
Health
Dogs susceptible to various diseases, ranging light-mild to dangerous. Some diseases are among the also a human disease, but some others are specific diseases of dogs. As with mammals, dogs are also prone to fatigue due to hot weather, high humidity air, or a drastic change in temperature [16].
Disease
The disease is easily transmitted among dogs attack rabies (hydrophobia), parvovirus, and distemper. Congenital diseases in dogs that are genetically inherited diseases including HD (abnormal formation of the groin), abnormalities of the knee joint (patellar luxation), to epilepsy and abnormalities of pulmonary valve blood vessels (pulmonary stenosis). Dogs can suffer from almost all the diseases that humans can suffer from hypothyroidism, cancer, dental pain, to heart disease.
Animal parasites
Animal parasites known to infect dogs exterior body parts are the various types of ticks, mites and ticks. While animal parasites that live in the belly of the dog are roundworms, whip worms, hook worms, and hookworms.
[Edit
] Physical Abnormalities
Some dog breeds prone to congenital diseases, such as abnormalities of joint formation groin disease (HD), abnormalities of the knee joint (patellar luxation), abnormalities of cleft palate, blindness, or deafness. Dogs can also be affected by a disease that often affects humans, including diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, and arthritis. Broad-chested breeds often have the problem of excess gas in the stomach (gastric torsion).
Life expectancy
Life expectancy depends on the type of dog race. Large breeds average only live to 7-8 years, while the small size of the Terrier breeds can live to 20 years. The average life expectancy of a medium sized dog and mutt is around 13-14 years old. According to records that can be trusted, dog longest 29-year-old age finally died in 1939.
Dogs can live longer if given proper food, exercise, and taken to the vet for regular health checks. Dog owners also need to devote attention to all the needs of dogs and love him wholeheartedly.
[Edit] Behaviour
Dogs are social animals, but the dog's personality and behavior can vary depending on each race. In addition, the dog's personality and behavior depend on the treatment received from dog owners and people who communicate with the dog. Dogs who receive violence from the owner or by deliberately starving dog can be quick-tempered and dangerous. Owners who fail to educate a dog can cause the dog's behavior becomes abnormal. [Citation needed] Often, dog owners are less and less attention from education to people love to bite or attack other animals.
Ancestral history of the domestication of dogs and
The study of molecular systematics show dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a descendant of one or more populations of wild wolves (Canis lupus). As can be seen from the nomenclature (nomenclature) for the dog, the dog is a wolf ancestors. Dogs can interbreed with wolves.
The relationship between humans and dogs have a long history. Wolf was found along with fossil fossil Hominidae family that comes from 400,000 years ago. Merging genetics and arkelogis evidence showed the dog was domesticated since the late Upper Paleolithic age, which is the transition between the Pleistocene era and Holosin, between 17,000 till 14,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the study of fossil bone morphology and genetic analysis of ancient dog, dogs today, and wolves can not ensure the origin of domesticated dogs. All dogs probably came from only one group of wolves who have domesticated. But there is the possibility of domesticated dogs separately in more than one location. On several occasions, the domestication of dogs may also mate with the local wild wolves.
The oldest dog fossils are the two bones of the cranium and mandible Russia from Germany from 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Most likely the oldest ancestor is the wolf dog fossils of the area north Holarktik Canis lupus lupus. Fossils dog that is smaller than the caves of origin Natufian cultural heritage Mesolitik era. The fossil is estimated to come from 12,000 years ago and is a descendant of the southwest Asian wolves Canis lupus Arabs medium-sized body. From the cave wall paintings and bone remains from 14,000 years ago, dogs have spread from North Africa to Eurasia and North America. Ancient people in Europe already appreciate the dog as a true friend. In Svaerdborg, Denmark there is a dog cemetery adjoining the tomb of the era Mesolitik.
DNA analysis conducted so far has shown different results. Vila, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that the dog is a branch of the wolf that occurred about 75,000 to 135,000 years ago. Advanced analysis conducted Savolainen et al. (2002) indicates "all dog populations derived from source genes (gene pools) a single" together with the wolves. Branching occurred in East Asia around 40,000 to 15,000 years ago. Verginelli et al. (2005) instead proposed that the time of the branching of the wolf dogs need to be reviewed. The reason, the geological age of the younger fossils are often overestimated by measurement of molecular clock is less accurate. As a middle way that matches the archaeological evidence, divergence of dogs and wolves probably occurred about 15,000 years ago.
Verginelli examining DNA evidence from five prehistoric fossil Canidae which according to the method of measurement of carbon derived from 15,000 to 3,000 years ago, 341 wolves from several populations worldwide, and 547 purebred dogs. The results showed the ancestral dog came from a variety of separate herd, and or interbreed (interbreeding) with ancient dogs and wolves in various places throughout the world. The history of the dog a more detailed investigation was not completed, and until the availability of evidence to be believed, the history of wolves following ancestors merely hypothetical.
Wolf ancestors
Although all wolves included in the species Canis lupus, in the whole world there is (or ever existed) a variety of different subspecies of wolf appearance, physical characteristics, and social structure. Already extinct Japanese wolf Canis lupus Lycaon and North American origin are colored fur, hunting techniques, and different social structures.
Compared to other subspecies of wolves, wolf-India is expected to contribute much to produce various kinds of dogs. Simultaneously ancestor various types of wild dogs can now be found in various places of the world such as the Dingo and dogs Paria. Indian wolves are also likely to marry and produce offspring European wolf dog mastiff. Next of developing various types of mastiff dog breeds like Pug, Saint Bernard, and Bloodhound. Tibetan mastiff is also a descendant of the most ancient mastiff.
European wolf dog race play a role in generating Spitz, most terriers, and various types of shepherd dogs present. Chinese wolf is the ancestor probably Pekingese and toy spaniels. But it might be descended from wolves Chinese and European wolves interbreeding for centuries ago and produces various types of mini dog from Asia.
Wolves Canis lupus species Lycaon is a direct ancestor to most (or all) dog sled puller (SLED dog) living in North America. Interbreeding between dogs living in the Arctic region with the wolf is still ongoing. The resulting offspring well-liked man, because it has physical characteristics similar to a wolf that can survive in the harsh polar nature. Peranakan dog-wolf too often unintentional, by coincidence dogs and serigal
a living in an environment that sama.Karakteristik phenotypes that distinguish a wolf with a dog almost nothing. Wolves usually have a "fluffy tail feathers" and erect ears. Most dogs only have one of these two characteristics of wolves, although there are also dog race that has both.
The process of domestication
Research conducted recently shows domesticated animals or domesticated traits in animals could take place within a shorter time [17] from the first time ever predicted. Domestication of wild dogs may be allowed in one or two human generations of selective breeding when it's done intentionally. Domestication of dogs was originally driven by motives of mutual benefit for both parties. Wild dogs are picking up food scraps around human settlements get more food than herd-mates are still wild and afraid of humans. Wild dog attack which happened early humans or the possibility of their children were expelled or killed, while the wild dog that is friendly to humans safely. Early humans use dogs to drive Hew
the wild human intruder. Keen senses of a dog that makes dogs served as guardians of the arrival of human predators who always eyeing.
Meat dog
The main article for this section are: Dog meat
Aside from being a pet, dogs are still bred and slaughtered as a protein source in several places in the world. In countries that love dogs as pets, eating dog meat is a taboo act and against the habit.
In several provinces in Indonesia, dog meat is eaten as a protein source either openly or secretly. In Manado food, dog meat is known as "RW" (short for "rintek wuuk" which in language means Tombulu fuzz). [18] Cooking Batak also recognize dog meat dishes, even though dog meat is coded "B1" is not the most food popular in the culinary Tapanuli. [19] In Solo, Sate or Sengsu Jamu is the name for dog meat satay and tongseng
Famous dogs
Human and dog friendship that has lasted a long time to make a lot of dogs known for his loyalty to the man or accidental maintained famous people hated a lot of people. In popular culture, various figures dogs became famous for his role in the novel, television series, movies, and video games.
Dog breeds
Maltese dog playing with the pile of autumn leaves.
Across the world there are more than 800 kinds of dog races (dog breed) that is recognized by kennel clubs in various countries. The term "pure breed dog" actually applies only to certain generations of dogs, dog breeds because all dogs originated from a mixture.
A small breed of dog is the main races that have evolved over 10,000 years ago and as old as the history of the domestication of dogs. But most dog breeds is precisely the product of deliberate artificial selection. Various breeds produced artificial selection actually has its own characteristics which is only typical for these races. As a result, two dogs of different races may look very different, although both are the same animal. Although both dogs and look very different appearance, the dog still can recognize fellow dogs among other animals.
Definition of dog races (dog breeds) are very inviting controversy. Depending on the total population of the founder, breeding by using a closed gene pools that result in marriage sekerabat or founder effect. Breeder dogs (kennel) has been increasingly aware of the importance of population and maintain the diversity of genes in gene pools. Medical examinations and DNA tests done to avoid terlahirnya dog breeders puppies with health problems and serious behavior.
Some organizations have set a standard dog race to a race (breed) are more lenient. A dog can be included as members of the race if you have 75% of the characteristics that must exist in these races. The same considerations about the breed standards are also applied in a dog show. Purebred dog who won the dog show is also sometimes not escape from a genetic disorder due to founder effects and marriage antarkerabat [21] However, this problem is not limited to purebred dogs and can also apply to the population mix dog. [22] Advantages dog race is the behavior and physical form that can be expected to be more accurate. Labrador Retriever Dogs generally love to play water, while Beagle certainly very interested in a variety of odors. Conversely, the physical form and mix dog behavior unpredictable and sometimes very unique.
In February 2004, the Canine Studies Institute in Aurora, Ohio classifies dogs into 10 categories.
Mix dog or mongrel dogs are dogs that do not belong to a particular race, and a mixture of two or more races in various percentages. Mix dog (mongrel), or a dog without a pure racial origin was not better or worse than the dog races to be used as companions, pets, working dogs, or competing in dog sports. Mix dog even sometimes deliberately, for example a dog which is a mix Cockapoo Cocker Spaniel by Poodle mini. Such deliberate crosses expected to produce superior pups as a result of heterosis. Also, puppies can have other characteristics desired, but the loss of one or more characteristics that are owned orantuanya, such as temperament or coat color. However, the crossing without genetic testing can sometimes reduce damage to the genetic parents owned. Deliberate interbreeding between two or more purebred dogs can also produce a new race.
Neoteni in the evolution of various dog breeds
Rapid evolution of wolves to dogs is an example neoteni or pedomorfosis. Like the species, the young wolves are more social and less dominant than adult wolves. Whether intentionally mapun not, favored by nature children of human wolves are more likely to result in a childishness that continues to carry over until it becomes an adult wolf. Pedomorfosis natural selection also resulted in the persistence of the physical characteristics of young wolves. Compared with the wolves, most adult dogs race retains the physical characteristics of children, such as feather soft, plump body, large head and eye, ear leaf that falls and not upright, and various other characteristics possessed young mammals. Everything is in order to obtain such protection and care of adult mammals, including humans for reasons "funny" or "adorable."
Still there are many more examples neoteni in dogs, each race gets treatment neoteni different depending on the nature of unwanted dogs. [23]
* Livestock guardian shepherd dog show properties hounds, but in a controlled fashion. Members of this group, such as Border Collies, Belgian Malinois and German Shepherd to use tactics of hunter and prey to scare for a herd of cattle can be controlled. Their natural instinct to kill animals muted by training. Other breeds included in this group, like Welsh Corgi, Canaan, and the Australian Cattle act more aggressively when herding cattle. At the same time take advantage of a smaller body form to circumvent the animals that fight.
* Dogs hunter (gun dog or bird dog) is a human friend while hunting. Pointing breed dogs (pointers, game), setter (search game), spaniels and retrievers (collectors hunting) experienced pedomorfosis intermediate level. Join the hunt together "herd," but only acted as a "hunter" juniors who do not take part in the actual attack. They identify potential prey and make them unable to escape, but exercise restraint and not attack the prey. Opportunity it provided to the predator attack more mature. The result is a dog race with the behavior of "pointing" game. Similar to the behavior of the dog "collector" who does not kill its own prey animals. They are only in charge of picking up the prey's dead or injured and took him to his fellow "herd." Physical characteristics of hunting dogs are closer to adult dogs compared with dogs shepherds, but usually do not have erect ears.
* Dogs tracker (Scenthound) still has a medium body size and prey trailing behavior patterns by following the scent trail. Dogs that fall into this group still refrained from attacking prey alone, and need to call the pack leaders (in this case, humans) to complete the task. Beagle, Bloodhound, Basset Hound, Coonhound, Dachshund, Fox Hound, Otter Hound, and Harrier included in this group.
* Sighthound a dog chase and attack any prey in sight. Dogs that belong to this group while maintaining the physical form of adult dogs, with distinctive physical characteristics such as narrow chest and a slender body. But this breed is no longer has erect ears and thick double layered coats of the wolf. Afghan, Borzoi, Saluki, Sloughi, Pharaoh Hound, Azawakh, Whippet, and Greyhound included in this group.
* Type of Mastiff who was big and tall, has a big chest like a drum, a big bone and a thick skull. Dog groups have traditionally been bred for war and guard dogs.
* Type of medium body-sized Bulldog, bred for fighting against other pets or wild animals. This breed has a square skull, large bones, broad shoulders, and muscular strength.
